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Le contenu de ce rapport est bas� sur un survey de la litt�rature sur la r�fraction atmosph�rique en g�n�ral et sur les mirages optiques en particulier. L'�tude commence avec l'examen de sources d'information basiques sur l'optique atmosph�rique comme Meteorologische Optik, par Pernter et Exner, Physics of the Air, par Humphreys, The Nature of Light and Colour in the Open Air, par Minnaert, et le Compendium of Meteorology. Ces sources pr�sentent des synth�ses historiques, et leur contenus sont dans une large mesure bas�s sur des �tudes de de la litt�rature. Les r�f�rences-cl�s mentionn�es dans ces sources ont �t� examin�es et un grand volume de litt�rature a par la suite �t� collect� by following successive reference leads. L'information pertinente sur la scintillation atmosph�rique a �t� obtenue de plusieurs sources, en particulier de Optical Scintillation ; A Survey of the Literature, par J. R. Meyer-Arendt. A cross section de la litt�rature collect�e est list�e ci-dessous. En raison de la large gamme des aspects couverts, la litt�rature est list�e dans les cat�gories suivantes :

  1. articles sur le mirage optique dont le contenu est principalement descriptif,
  2. articles proposant des mod�les th�oriques de r�fraction sph�rique ou de mirage optique,
  3. articles comparant th�orie et observation,
  4. articles traitant de l'application de la r�fraction de la lumi�re terrestre � la m�t�orologie, surveying, et l'hydrographie,
  5. articles pr�sentant des valeurs moyennes de r�fraction terrestre bas�s sur la climatologie, et
  6. articles sur la scintillation atmosph�rique.

Au sein de chaque cat�gorie, les publications sont arrang�s chronologiquement.

Dans la cat�gorie 1, des r�cits descriptifs de mirages remontent dans le temps jusqu'en 1796, lorsque Joseph Huddart observa des mirages sup�rieurs pr�s de Macao (des r�cits plus anciens peuvent �tre trouv�s dans Meteorologische Optik). De nombreuses observations r�centes de r�fraction atmosph�rique anormale peuvent �tre trouv�s dans The Marine Observer. Les 2 observations "classiques" plus fr�quemment cit�es comme ayant "d�clench�" une longue s�rie d'investigations sur le mirage optique sont les observations de Vince et Scoresby. Vince (1798) depuis une position en bordure de mer observa des images multiple de bateaux, certains � l'endroit et certains invers�s, au-dessus de l'horizon de l'oc�an ; Scoresby (1820) observa des images �lev�es de navires et de lignes c�ti�res alors qu'il naviguait pr�s de Greenland. Ces deux observations furent document�es avec soin et les r�sultats furent lus devant les corps de la Soci�t� Royale.

Les th�ories propos�es du mirage (cat�gorie 2) sont basiquement de 3 types, qui sont mieux represent�s par les travaux respectifs de Tait (1883), Wegener (1918), et Sir C. V. Raman (1959). Tait (dans ses efforts pour expliquer les observations de Vince et Scoresby) consid�re une couche de r�fraction verticalement finie ayant un changement continu dans l'indice de r�fraction, et formule les trajectoires de rayon pour une atmosph�re stratifi�e en plans. Wegener (motiv� par les observations de mirage faites lors de son s�jour au Groenland) remplace la couche de r�fraction finie de Tait par une surface "r�fl�chissante" - i.e. une surface de discontinuit� dans l'indice de r�fraction - et formule les trajectoire de rayon pour une atmosph�re stratifi�e sph�riquement. Raman met en question l'utilisation d'optique g�om�trique dans la th�orie du mirage et montre au moyen d'optique physique que la limite sup�rieure de la couche de r�fraction ressemble � une surface caustique au voisinage de laquelle focalisation et interf�rence sont les principaux effets producteurs de mirage. L'ensemble des 3 th�ories d�crit assez pr�cis�ment diverses observations de mirages.

Les comparaisons faites entre observation et th�orie (cat�gorie 3) indiquent que les 2 sont compatibles - i.e., les ph�nom�nes de r�fraction lumineuse anormale sont associ�s � une structure de temp�rature atmosph�rique anormale. De nombreuses investigations (cat�gorie 4) se pr�occupent de d�terminer les are effets de la r�fraction lumineuse lors de mesures optiques faites dans des domaines comme la surveying et l'hydrographie. Corrections for refraction based on average atmospheric conditions have been computed (cat�gorie 5). Of specific interest to meteorologists are the attempts to develop inversion techniques for obtaining low-level temperature structure from light-refraction measurements (cat�gorie 4). The temperature profiles that can be obtained do not have the desired resolution and accuracy. During the last decade, literature on atmospheric scintillation has become extensive due to its importance to astronomy, optical communication, and optical ranging. A selected number of recent papers are presented in category 6.

The publications categorized below represent a cross section of the various endeavors that have resulted from the Earth's atmosphere having light-refraction properties. The body of information is fundamental to the contents of this report. In addition to the listed literature, many other sources of information on atmospheric optics were consulted in its production. They are referenced throughout the text, and are compiled in a bibliography at the end of the report.

CATEGORIES

  1. Descriptifs
  2. Mod�les th�oriques
  3. Th�orie vs. observation
  4. Application
  5. Valeurs moyennes
  6. Scintillation atmosph�rique

Cat�gorie 1 (r�cits descriptifs)

  1. Huddart, Joseph, "Observations on Horizontal Refractions Which Affect the Appearance of Terrestrial Objects, and the Dip, or Depression of the Horizon of the Sea," Phil. Trans. Vol. 87, pp. 29-42 (1797).
  2. Vince, S., "Observations on an Unusual Horizontal Refraction of the Air; with Remarks on the Variations to Which the Lower Parts of the Atmosphere are Sometimes Subject," London Phil. Trans., Part 1, pp. 436-441 (1799).
  3. Wollaston, William Hyde, "On Double Images Caused by Atmospheric Refraction," Phil. Trans., Vol. 90, pp. 239-254 (1800)
  4. Scoresby, William, "Description of Some Remarkable Atmospheric Reflections and Refractions, Observed in the Greenland Sea," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 9, pp. 299-305 (1823).
  5. Parnell, John, "On a Mirage in the English Channel," Phil. Mag., Vol. 37, pp. 400-401 (1869).
  6. Forel, F. A., "The Fata Morgana," Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 32, pp. 175-182 (1911).
  7. Hillers, Wilhelm, "Photographische Aufnahmen einer mehrfachen Luftspiegelung," Physik. Zeitschr., Vol. 14, pp. 718-719 (1913).
  8. Hillers, Wilhelm, "Einige experimentelle Beitr~ge Zum Phanomen der dreifachen Luftspiegelung nach Vince," Physikalische Zeitschrift, Vol. 15, p. 304 (1914).
  9. Visser, S. W. and J. Th. Verstelle, "Groene Straal en Kimduiking," Hemel en Dampkring, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 81-87 (Mars 1934).
  10. Meyer, Rudolf, "Der grUne Strahl," Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 56, pp. 342-346 (Septembre 1939).
  11. Science Service, "Mirage in Desert Mai Explain How Israelites Crossed Red Sea Unharmed," Bull. Am. Met. Soc., Vol. 28, p. 186 (1947).
  12. Ives, Ronald L., "Meteorological Conditions Accompanying Mirages in the Salt Lake Desert," J. Franklin Institute, Vol. 245, No. 6, pp. 457-473 (Juin 1948).
  13. St. Amand, Pierre and Harold Cronin, "Atmospheric Refraction at College, Alaska, During the Winter 1947-1948," Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., Vol. 31, No. 2, Part 1, (Avril 1950).
  14. Ten Kate, H., "Luftspiegelungen," Hemel en Dampkring, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 91-94 (1951).
  15. Ewan, D., "Abnormal Refraction of Coast of Portugal," The Marine Observateur, Vol. 21, No. 152, p. 80 (Avril 1951).
  16. Mitchell, G.E., "Mirage in Gulf of Cadiz," The Marine Observateur, Vol. 21, No. 152, p. 81 (Avril 1951).
  17. Illingsworth, J., "Abnormal Refraction in the Gulf of St. Lawrence," The Marine Observer, Vol. 22, No. 156, pp. 63-64 (Avril 1952).
  18. Markgraf, H., "Fata Morgana an der Norseekuste," Wetterlotse, Vol. 47, pp. 200-204 (Novembre 1952).
  19. Ten Kate, H., "Fata Morgana," Hemel en Dampkring, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 32-34 (1952).
  20. Heybrock, W., "Luftspiegelungen in Marokko," Meteorologische Rundschau, Vol. 6, No. 1/2, pp. 24-25 (Janvier/F�vrier 1953).
  21. Ruck, F.W.M., "Mirages at London Airport," Weather, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 31-32 (Janvier 1953).
  22. Ainsworth, P.P., "Abnormal Refraction in Cabot Strait, Gulf of St. Lawrence," The Marine Observer, Vol. 23, No. 160, pp. 77-78 (Avril 1953).
  23. Kebblewhite, Alexander W. and W. J. Gibbs, "Unusual Phenomenon Observed from East Sale," Australian Meteorol. Mag., Melbourne, No. 4, pp. 32-34 (Ao�t 1953).
  24. Menzel, Donald H., "Lenses of Air," Chapter 16 of Flying Saucers (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1953).
  25. Nelson, Robert T., "Mirages and Chlorophyll." Better Farming, (Summer 1953).
  26. Richard, R., "Phenomene Optique Remarquable," La Meteorologie, 4th Ser., No. 32, pp. 301-302 (Octobre/D�cembre 1953).
  27. Vassy, E., "Quelques Remarques sur un Phenomene de Mirage du Disque Solaire," La Meteorologie, 4th Ser. No. 32, pp. 302-303,(Octobre/D�cembre 1953).
  28. Williams, A. E., "Abnormal Refraction in North Atlantic Ocean," The Marine Observer, No. 166, pp. 208-210 (Octobre 1954).
  29. Jezek, ___ and Milan Koldovsky, "Totalni reflexe na inversnich vrstvach pozorovana s Milesovsky dne 18, listopadu 1953," Meteorologicke Zpravy (Prague), Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 11-12 (F�vrier 1954).
  30. Baines, J. P. E., "Abnormal Refraction off Cape Town," The Marine Observateur, Vol. 25, No. 167, pp. 31-34 (Janvier 1955).
  31. Ashinore, S. E., "A North Wales Road Mirage," Weather, Vol. 10, pp. 336-342 (1955).
  32. Ballantyne, J., "Abnormal Refraction in North Atlantic Ocean," The Marine Observateur, Vol. 26, No. 172, pp. 82-84 (Avril 1956).
  33. Durst, C. S. and G. A. Bull, "An Unusual Refraction Phenomenon seen from a High-Flying Aircraft," Meteorological Magazine, Vol. 85, No. 1010, pp. 237-242 (Ao�t 1956).
  34. Collin, P., "Abnormal Refraction in Gulf of Aden," The Marine Observateur, Vol. 26, No. 174, pp. 201-202 (Octobre 1956).
  35. Baker, R. E., "Abnormal Refraction in Red Sea," The Marine Observateur, Vol. 27, No. 175, pp. 12-15 (Janvier 1957).
  36. Gabler, Horst, "Beobachtung einer Luftspiegelung nach oben," Zeitschrift fur Meteorologie (Berlin), Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 219-221 (1958).
  37. Ives, Ronald L., "An Early Report of Abnormal Refraction over the Gulf of California," Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., Vol. 40, No. 4 (Avril 1959).
  38. Rossman, Fritz 0., "Banded Reflections from the Sea," Weather (London), Vol. 15, No. 12, pp. 409-414 (D�cembre 1960).
  39. Gordon, James H., "Mirages," Report, Publication 4398, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 327-346, 1959 (Pub. 1960).
  40. O'Connell, D.J.K., "The Green Flash and Kindred Phenomena," Endeavor, (Juillet 1961).
  41. Zamorskiy, A. D. , "Optical Phenomena in the Atmosphere," Priroda, (Nature), Moscow, No. 8, pp. 62-66 (Translation) , (1963)
  42. Ives, Ronald L., "The Mirages of La Encantada," Weather, Vol. 23, No. 2 (F�vrier 1968).

Cat�gorie 2 (Th�ories propos�es)

  1. Tait, Professor P.G., "On Mirage," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. XXX (1883).
  2. Forster, Gustav, "Beitrag zur Theorie der Seitenrefraction," Gerlands Beitrage sur Geophysik, Vol. 11, pp. 414-469 (1911).
  3. Hillers, Wilhelm, "Bemerkung uber die Abhangigkeit der dreifachen Luftspiegelung nach Vince von der Temperaturverteilung," Physikalische Zeit schr., Vol. 14, pp. 719-723 (1913).
  4. Hillers, Wilhelm, "Ueber eine leicht Beobachtbare Luftspiegelung bei Hamburg und die Erklarung solcher Erscheinungen," Unterrichtsblatter fur Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 21-38 (1913).
  5. Hillers, Wilhelm, "Nachtrag zu einer Bemerkung uber die Abhangigkeit der dreifachen Luftspiegelung nach Vince von der Temperaturverteilung," Physik. Zeitschr., Vol. 15, pp. 303-304 (1914).
  6. Nolke, Fr., "Zur Theorie der Luftspiegelungen," Physik, Zeitschr., Vol. 18, pp. 134-144 (1917).
  7. Wegener, Alfred, "Elementare Theorie der Atmospharischen Spiegelungen," Annalen der Physik, Vol. 57, No. 4 pp. 203-230, (1918).
  8. Wurschmidt,Joseph, "Elementare Theorie der Terrestrischen Refraction und der Atmospharischen Spiegelungen," Annalen der Physik, Vol. 60, pp. 149-180 (1919).
  9. Hidaka, Koji, "On a Theory of Sinkiro or Japanese Fata Morgana," Geophys. Mag., Vol. 4, pp. 375-386 (1931)
  10. Meyer, Rudolf, "Die Entstehung Optischer Bilder durch Brechung und Spiegelung in der Atmosphare," Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 52, pp. 405-408 (Novembre 1935).
  11. Schiele, Wolf-Egbert, "Zur Theorie der Luftspiegelungen," Spezialarbeiten aus dem Geophysikalischen Institut und Observatorium, Leipzig Universitat Veroffentlichungen Zweite Serie, Band VII, Heft 3 (1935).
  12. Brocks, Karl, "Die terrestrische Refraction in polytropen Atmospharen," Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 199-211 (1949).
  13. Haug, Odd, "On the Theory of Superior Mirage," Norway Meteorologiske Institutt, Meteorologiske Annaler, Vol. 3, No. 12 (1953).
  14. Ozorai, Zoltan, "Mirages on Wave Surfaces," Ido jaras, 58 (3):143-153 (Mai/Juin 1954).
  15. Raman, Sir C. V. and S. Pancharatnam, " The Optics of Mirages," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., pp. 251-261 (Mai 1959).
  16. Raman, Sir C. V., "The Optics of Mirages," Current Science, Vol. 29, No. 8 (Ao�t 1959).
  17. Baldini, Angel A., "Formulas for computing Atmospheric Refraction for Objects Inside and Outside the Atmosphere," Research Note No. 8, Task 8T35-12-00l-0l, U. S. Army Engineer, Geodesy, Intelligence and Mapping Research and Development Agency (9 Janvier 1963).
  18. Kabelac, Josef, "Atmospharenmodelle und astronomische sowie parallaktische Refraction," Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-20 (1967).

Cat�gorie 3 (Th�orie et Observation)

  1. Fujiwhara, S., T. Oomari and K. Taguti, "Sinkiro or the Japanese Fata Morgana," Geophys. Mag., Vol. 4, pp. 317-374 (1931).
  2. Futi, H., "On Road Mirage," Geophys. Mag., Vol. 4, pp. 387-396 (1931)
  3. Wegener, K., "Bemerkungen zur Refraction," Gerlands Beitrage zur Geophysik, Vol. 47, pp. 400-408 (1936).
  4. Kohl, G., "Erklarung einer Luftspiegelung nach oben aus Radiosondierungen," Zeitschrift fur Meteorologie, Vol. 6, No. 11, pp. 344-348 (Novembre 1952).
  5. Nakano, T., "Mirage in the Toyama Bay," J. Meteorol. Res. (Tokyo), Vol. 6, No. 1/3, pp. 67-70 (Mars 1954).
  6. Hasse, Lutz, "Uber den Zusammenhang der Kimtiefe mit meteorologischen Grossen," Deutsche Hydrograph Zeitschrift (Hamburg), Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 181-197 (Ao�t 1960)
  7. Trautman, Ernst, "Uber Luftspiegelungen der Alpen, gesehen vom Bayerischen Wale," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, Vol. 3, No. 21 (1960).
  8. Cameron, W.S., John Glenn, Scott M. Carpenter, and John A. O'Keefe, "Effect of Refraction on the Setting Sun as Seen from Space in Theory and Observation," The Astronomical J., Vol. 68, No. 5 (Juin 1963).

Cat�gorie 4 (application � la m�t�orologie, Surveying et l'hydrographie)

  1. Maurer, Von J., "Beobachtungen ilber die irdische Strahlenbrechung bei typischen Formen der Luftdruckverteilung," Meteorologische Zeitschrift, pp. 49-63 (F�vrier 1905).
  2. Johnson, N.K. and O.F.T. Roberts, "The Measurement of Lapse Rate of Temperature by an Optical Method," Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., Vol. 51, pp. 131-138 (1925)
  3. Brunt, D., "The Index of Refraction of Damp Air and Optical Determination of the Lapse Rate," Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., Vol. 55, pp. 335-339 (1929).
  4. Brocks, Karl, "Eine Methode zur Beobachtung des vertikalen Dichte und Temperaturegefalles in den bodenfernen Atmospharenschichten," Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 57, pp. 19-26 (1940).
  5. Fleagle, Robert G., "The Optical Measurement of Lapse Rate," Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., Vol. 31, No. 2 (F�vrier 1950).
  6. Freiesleben, H.C., "Die strahlenbrechung in geringer Hohe uber Wasseroberflachen," Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift (Hamburg), Vol. 4, No. 1-2, pp. 29-44 (1951).
  7. Freiesleben, H.C., "Refraction Occurring Immediately above the Water Surface," International Hydrographic Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 102-106 (1951).
  8. Brocks, Karl, "Eine raumlich integrierende optische Methode fur Messung vertikaler Temperatur-und Wasserdampf gradienten in der untersten Atmosphare," Archiv fur Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Vol. 6, pp. 370-402 (1953).
  9. Bourgoin, Jean-Paul, "La refraction terrestre dans les basses couches de l'atmosphere sur l'inlandsis Groenlandais," Annales de Geophysique, Vol. 10, No. 168-174 (Avril/Juin 1954).
  10. Yates, H. W., "Atmospheric Refraction over Water," Report 4786, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (Juillet 1956).
  11. Hradilek, Ludvik, "Untersuchung der Abhangigkeit der Lichtbrechung von den Meteorologischen Bedingungen auf dem Beobachtungstandpunkt," Studia Geoph. et Geod., Vol. 5, pp. 302-311 (1961).
  12. Sparkman, James K., Jr., "Preliminary Report on an Optical Method for Low-Level Lapse Rate Determination" in "Studies of the Three Dimensional Structure of the Planetary Boundary Layer," Contract Report, Univ. of Wisconsin, Dept. Meteorology, 232 pp; see pp. 69-79 (1962)

Cat�gorie 5 (valeurs moyennes de r�fraction terrestre)

  1. Link, Frantisek and Zdenek Sekera, "Dioptric Tables of the Earth's Sphere," Publications of the Prague Observatory, No.l4 (Prometheus Press, Prague, 1940).
  2. Brocks, K., "Die terrestrische Refraction," Annalen der Meteorologie, Vol. 1, pp. 329-336 (1948).
  3. Brocks, K., "Die Lichtstrahlkrummung in den unteren 500 m der Atmosphare," Annalen der Meteorologie, Vol. 5, pp. 47-57 (1952).
  4. Brocks, Karl, "Die Lichtstrahlkrummung in Bodennahe," Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift (Hamburg), Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 181-197 (Ao�t 1960).
  5. Saunders, M.J., "Refraction Angles for Luminous Sources Within the Atmosphere," AIAA J., Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 690-693 (Mars 1963).

Cat�gorie 6 (scintillation optique)

  1. Ellison, M . A., "Why Do Stars Twinkle?" J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 191-194 (Septembre/Octobre 1952).
  2. "Transaction of the Conference of the Research on the Twinkling of Stars," English Translation, prepared by Translation Services Branch Foreign Technology Division, WP-AFB, Ohio.
  3. Portman, Donald J., E. Ryznar, and F. C. Elder, "Visual Resolution and Optical Scintillation over Snow, Ice, and Frozen Ground," Research Report III, Part II, U.S. Army Materiel Command, Cold Regions Research ~ 'Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H. (Octobre 1965).
  4. Carlon, Hugh R., "The Apparent Dependence of Terrestrial Scintillation Intensity upon Atmospheric Humidity," Technical Report CRDLR 3324, U.S. Army Edgewood Arsenal, Chemical Research Development Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland 21010 (Novembre 1965).
  5. Hudson, Craig, C., "Experimental Evidence of a Twinkling Layer in the Earth's Atmosphere," Nature, Vol. 207, No. 4994 (Juillet 17, 1965)
  6. Meyer-Arendt, Jurgen R., and Constantinos B. Emmanuel, "Optical Scintillation; A Survey of the Literature," Technical Note 225, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Dept. of Commerce (Avril 1965).
  7. Kucherov, N. I., ed., "Optical Instability of the Earth's Atmosphere," Translated form Russian, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem (1966).
  8. "Optical Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence," Compilation of the Results of Research Performed at the Electro-Optical Laboratory, Autonetics Division, North American Aviation, Inc. (Mars 1967).
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